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2026, Vol: 1, Issue: 1
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Original Research 


Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity

Joshua Adedayo Adegoke, Kanyinsola Elizabeth Onafowokan, Luqman Opeoluwa Ogunjimi, Anjolaoluwa Habibat Olawunmi, Evan Adetoye, Abidemi Rukayat Hamzat, Zulikhat Ajoke Maruwf, Ibironke Oluwafunmilayo Oyenuga, Toluwalope Ayankunle, Mutmainah Adebimpe Adesina, Olufunmbi Aduragbemi Akinola, Toluwani David Onadipe, Oluwatosin Adebayo Ogungbe, Ezekiel Olatunbosun Fabiyi, Bamidele Osalusi.


Abstract
Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with increasing prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hematological biomarkers, reflecting systemic inflammation, may predict disease severity. This study evaluates their prognostic potential in PD patients from Southwest Nigeria.
Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 70 PD patients stratified into severe (stages 3–5, n=10) and non-severe (stages 1–2, n=60) groups using the Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale, and 70 age- and sex-matched controls. Hematological parameters (white blood cell, red cell, platelet indices, and ratios) were analyzed using t-tests, binary logistic regression, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Severe PD was observed in 14% of patients, with 76% being male. Compared to controls, PD patients had lower red blood cell counts (P=0.045), haemoglobin (P=0.014), and higher red cell distribution width-standard deviation (RDW-SD, P<0.001). Independent predictors of severity included age (P=0.010), gender (P=0.003), red blood cell count (P=0.002), haemoglobin (P=0.003), haematocrit (P=0.007), RDW-SD (P=0.001), and plateletcrit (PCT, P<0.001). ROC analysis showed excellent predictive accuracy for RDW-SD (AUC=0.959) and PCT (AUC=1.000).
Conclusion: RDW-SD and PCT are robust biomarkers for PD severity, highlighting the role of systemic inflammation. These findings support their integration into PD management and warrant further longitudinal studies.

Key words: Parkinson’s disease, hematological biomarkers, RDW-SD, PCT, inflammation, severity


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Adegoke JA, Onafowokan KE, Ogunjimi LO, Olawunmi AH, Adetoye E, Hamzat AR, Maruwf ZA, Oyenuga IO, Ayankunle T, Adesina MA, Akinola OA, Onadipe TD, Ogungbe OA, Fabiyi EO, Osalusi B. Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity. GMJ. 2026; 1(1): 23-28. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611

Web Style

Adegoke JA, Onafowokan KE, Ogunjimi LO, Olawunmi AH, Adetoye E, Hamzat AR, Maruwf ZA, Oyenuga IO, Ayankunle T, Adesina MA, Akinola OA, Onadipe TD, Ogungbe OA, Fabiyi EO, Osalusi B. Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity. https://www.gatemedjournal.org/?mno=328611 [Access: July 26, 2026]. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Adegoke JA, Onafowokan KE, Ogunjimi LO, Olawunmi AH, Adetoye E, Hamzat AR, Maruwf ZA, Oyenuga IO, Ayankunle T, Adesina MA, Akinola OA, Onadipe TD, Ogungbe OA, Fabiyi EO, Osalusi B. Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity. GMJ. 2026; 1(1): 23-28. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Adegoke JA, Onafowokan KE, Ogunjimi LO, Olawunmi AH, Adetoye E, Hamzat AR, Maruwf ZA, Oyenuga IO, Ayankunle T, Adesina MA, Akinola OA, Onadipe TD, Ogungbe OA, Fabiyi EO, Osalusi B. Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity. GMJ. (2026), [cited July 26, 2026]; 1(1): 23-28. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611


Harvard Style

Adegoke, J. A., Onafowokan, . K. E., Ogunjimi, . L. O., Olawunmi, . A. H., Adetoye, . E., Hamzat, . A. R., Maruwf, . Z. A., Oyenuga, . I. O., Ayankunle, . T., Adesina, . M. A., Akinola, . O. A., Onadipe, . T. D., Ogungbe, . O. A., Fabiyi, . E. O. & Osalusi, . B. (2026) Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity. GMJ, 1 (1), 23-28. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611


Turabian Style

Adegoke, Joshua Adedayo, Kanyinsola Elizabeth Onafowokan, Luqman Opeoluwa Ogunjimi, Anjolaoluwa Habibat Olawunmi, Evan Adetoye, Abidemi Rukayat Hamzat, Zulikhat Ajoke Maruwf, Ibironke Oluwafunmilayo Oyenuga, Toluwalope Ayankunle, Mutmainah Adebimpe Adesina, Olufunmbi Aduragbemi Akinola, Toluwani David Onadipe, Oluwatosin Adebayo Ogungbe, Ezekiel Olatunbosun Fabiyi, and Bamidele Osalusi. 2026. Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity. Gateway Medical Journal, 1 (1), 23-28. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611


Chicago Style

Adegoke, Joshua Adedayo, Kanyinsola Elizabeth Onafowokan, Luqman Opeoluwa Ogunjimi, Anjolaoluwa Habibat Olawunmi, Evan Adetoye, Abidemi Rukayat Hamzat, Zulikhat Ajoke Maruwf, Ibironke Oluwafunmilayo Oyenuga, Toluwalope Ayankunle, Mutmainah Adebimpe Adesina, Olufunmbi Aduragbemi Akinola, Toluwani David Onadipe, Oluwatosin Adebayo Ogungbe, Ezekiel Olatunbosun Fabiyi, and Bamidele Osalusi. "Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity." Gateway Medical Journal 1 (2026), 23-28. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Adegoke, Joshua Adedayo, Kanyinsola Elizabeth Onafowokan, Luqman Opeoluwa Ogunjimi, Anjolaoluwa Habibat Olawunmi, Evan Adetoye, Abidemi Rukayat Hamzat, Zulikhat Ajoke Maruwf, Ibironke Oluwafunmilayo Oyenuga, Toluwalope Ayankunle, Mutmainah Adebimpe Adesina, Olufunmbi Aduragbemi Akinola, Toluwani David Onadipe, Oluwatosin Adebayo Ogungbe, Ezekiel Olatunbosun Fabiyi, and Bamidele Osalusi. "Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity." Gateway Medical Journal 1.1 (2026), 23-28. Print. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Adegoke, J. A., Onafowokan, . K. E., Ogunjimi, . L. O., Olawunmi, . A. H., Adetoye, . E., Hamzat, . A. R., Maruwf, . Z. A., Oyenuga, . I. O., Ayankunle, . T., Adesina, . M. A., Akinola, . O. A., Onadipe, . T. D., Ogungbe, . O. A., Fabiyi, . E. O. & Osalusi, . B. (2026) Hematological Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Severity. Gateway Medical Journal, 1 (1), 23-28. doi:10.5455/GMJ.328611


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